m3

ae-¦-c-k-`-bnÂ At´ymJym ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ Øm\hpw A[n-Im-chpw..... Ign-ª-e¡w XpSÀ¨
^m.-tUm.-Fw.-H.-tPm¬

At´ym-Jy³ B[n-]-Xys¯ FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw ]n¶oSv AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv
BapJw
1825Â tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kv ae-¦c sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m Bbn. tIm«bw sNdn-b-]-Ån-bnÂsh¨v tXmgn-bqÀ CS-h-I-bpsS sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯bpw ae-¦c sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯bpw Bbn-cp¶ InS-§³ amÀ ^oe-Ivkn-t\mkv BWv tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kns\ sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m Øm\-t¯-¡p-bÀ¯n-b-Xv.
1829-þÂ amÀ ^oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Imew sNbvX-tXm-Sp-IqSn tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn\v ae-¦-c sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m F¶ \ne-bnÂ cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw e`n-¨p. Xsâ `c-W-Im-e-¯nsâ Bcw-`-¯nÂ tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv At´ym-Jy³ B[n-]-Xys¯ ià-ambn FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvsX-¦nepw Pohn-Xm-h-km-\-am-Ip-t¼mÄ At´ym-Jy³ B[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ ap¼nÂ ASn-b-dhp ]d-bp¶ tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn-s\-bmWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡v ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv.
tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ `c-W-Im-e¯v \mev hyXykvX \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ ImWp-hm³ Ign-bpw.
H¶m-aXv Øm\w GÂ¡p-¶-Xp-ap-XÂ amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZmkv hsc DÅ Ime-L«w (1829-þ1836).
cWvSm-aXv amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZm-kn-sebpw amth-en-¡c ]Sn-tbm-e-bn-sebpw \ne-]mSv (1836).
aq¶m-aXv amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZm-kn-\p-tijw A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Øm\w Gäp-h-¶-t¸mÄ DÅ \ne-]mSv (1836-þ1846).
\mem-aXv At´ym-Jy³ {]Xn-\n[n bpbm-¡ow amÀ Iqdn-tem-kn-\p-thWvSn Øm\w Hgn-bp-¶Xpw amXyqkv A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn\v cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw e`y-am-Ip-¶-Xp-amb kml-N-cyhpw At¸m-gs¯ \ne-]mSpw (1846-þ1852).
tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ BZys¯ \ne-]mSv
1825Â Hcp sXc-sª-Sp-¸n-eq-sS-bmWv tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm³Øm-\-t¯¡v hcp-¶-Xv. ae-¦c sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m Bbn-cp¶ ]p¶{X Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv Imew-sN-bvXn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ tXmgn-bqÀ ^oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Bbn-cp¶p cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw A\p-k-cn¨v ae-¦c sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m Øm\w hln-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
sa{Xm³sX-c-sª-Sp-¸n\p apt¼m ]nt¼m B sXc-sª-Sp-¸n\v At´ym-Jy³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ Adnthm k½-Xtam AwKo-Im-ctam thWw F¶ Nn´-t]mepw A¶v ae-¦-c-bnÂ BÀ¡pw DWvSm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. tXmgn-bqÀ ^oe-Ivkn-t\m-kmWv tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn\v sa{Xm³Øm\w \ÂIp-¶-Xv. At´ymJym ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knÂ\nt¶m At±-l-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bnÂ\nt¶m GsX-¦nepw hntZ-in-bnÂ\nt¶m Øm\w Gsä-¦nte Øm\w BIp-I-bp-Åp-sht¶m Øm\-¯n\v km[pX DWvSm-hp-I-bp-Åp-sht¶m A¶v Bcpw hmZn-¨n-Ã. A§s\ Hc-h-k-c-¯n-\p-thWvSn Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv Im¯n-cp-¶p-an-Ã. At±-l-¯nsâ ap³Km-an-I-fm-bn-cp¶ ]p¶-{X-Zo-h-¶m-kn-tbm-kv, ]pen-t¡m-«nÂ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kv, amÀt¯m½m F«m-a³, Ggm-a³, Bdm-a³, A©m-a³ XpS-§n-b-h-scÃmw AX-Xp-Im-es¯ ap³Km-an-I-fnÂ\n¶p ]«-ta-ä-h-cm-Wv. AXm-bn-cp¶p ae-¦-c-k-`-bnÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ ]Xn-hv. tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kns\ AwKo-I-cn-¨p-sImWvSv Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀ¡mÀ cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨p.
tIm«-b¯p Xma-kn-¨p-sIm-WvSn-cp¶ amÀ ^oe-Ivkn-t\mkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m \ncym-X-\m-hp-Ibpw At±-l-¯n\p ]Icw amÀ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m \nb-an-X-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvI-bmÂ \½psS cmPys¯ ]p¯³IqÀ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ At±-l-¯nsâ BÚ A\p-k-cn¨v \S-t¡-WvS-XmWv F¶m-bn-cp¶p cmP-Iob hnfw-_-cw (sk-an-\m-cn-tIkv _p¡v). CXn-\p-ap¼v tXmgn-bqÀ ^oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn-\pw, ]p¶-{X-Zo-h-¶m-kn-tbm-kn\pw aäpw e`n¨ cmP-Iob hnfw-_-c-§fpw Cu coXn-bn-ep-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ]me-¡p-¶¯v A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-knsâ hnfw-_-c-¯nÂ am{X-amWv At´ym-Jy-bnÂ\n¶v Fgp-¯pw-hm-§n-¨p-h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ F¶p tNÀ¯n-«p-ÅXv (I-gn-ª-e¡w ImWp-I).
A¶s¯ tIm\m«v aev]m\pw ]me-¡p-¶¯v aev]m\pw sa{Xm³sX-c-sª-Sp-¸nÂ tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ FXn-cm-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv Øm\w Gäv A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Xs¶ AhÀ Ahn-S-hnS§-fnÂ Nne Akz-Ø-X-IÄ Cf-¡n-hn-«p. Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ 1825-þÂ At´ymJym ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ ASp-¡Â \n¶v A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Fs¶mcp sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m ae-¦-c-bnÂ F¯n. 1825-þÂ sIm¨n-bnÂ h¶n-d-§nb At±-ls¯ kzoI-cn-¡p-hm³ GXm\pw ]Ån-¡mÀ Ahn-sS-sb-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn-sâbpw tXmgn-bqÀ ^oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn-sâbpw ]«w hymP-am-sW¶v sIm¨n-bnÂ I¸-en-d-§nb DS-s\-Xs¶ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv {]Jym-]n-¨p. AtXmsS tIm\m«v aev]m\pw aäpw At±-l-¯nsâ N§m-Xn-I-fm-bn.
tN¸mSv Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn-sâbpw At±-l-¯n\v Øm\w sImSp¯ tXmgn-bqÀ ^oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn-sâbpw ]«Xzw Akm-[p-hm-sW-¶m-bn-cp¶p ioa-¡m-c³ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv ]d-ªp-]-c-¯n-b-Xv. Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn-sâbpw ^oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn-sâbpw Nph¶ Ip¸mbw Xm³ hen-¨p-Iodpw AhÀ¡p hoWvSpw ]«w-sIm-Sp¡pw Fs¶ms¡ At±lw sNÃp-¶n-S-s¯ms¡ hnfn-¨p-]-d-ªp.
tIm«-b-s¯-¯nb A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkpw ^oe-Ivkn-t\mkpw Xsâ ap¼msI lmP-cm-Ip-hm³ tcJm-aqew Bh-iy-s¸-«p.
B IÂ]-\-bnÂ Ahsc sa{Xm-·m-sc-¶Ã I¯-\m-c-·mÀ F¶mWv A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. bYmÀ° ]«Xzw At´ym-Jy³ sa{Xm-\nÂ\n-¶p-Å-Xm-sW¶pw ]«-¡m-scÃmw Xsâ I¿nÂ\n¶pw hoWvSpw ]«-taÂ¡-W-sa¶pw At±lw Bh-iy-s¸-«p. A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-knsâ IÂ]\ A\p-k-cn¨v ]e sshZn-Icpw hoWvSpw ]«-ta-äp.
P\-§Ä IqSp-XÂ `bhpw BZ-chpw `ànbpw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶Xp IWvS-t¸mÄ ioa-¡m-c³ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-knsâ KÀÆpw hÀ²n-¨p. ]Ån-I-fpsS apX-ep-IÄ ssIh-i-s¸-Sp¯n apt¶-dnb At±lw skan-\mcn _e-ambn ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-hm³ apXnÀ¶-t¸mÄ Kh¬saâv A[n-Im-cn-IÄ CS-s]-«p. PnÃm aPn-kvt{Säv At±-l-¯nsâ t]cnÂ tIsk-Sp-¯p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀ¡mÀ dkn-Uânsâ A\p-a-Xn-tbmsS 1826-þÂ Hcp XpÀ¡n I¸-enÂ Ibän A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kns\ \mSp-I-S-¯n.
1843Â tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv Fgp-Xnb Hcp Iev]-\-bnÂ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-knsâ BK-a-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hoWvSpw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-WvSv. AXnÂ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv C§-s\-bmWv
1000-þ-amWvSv At´ym-Jym-bnÂ\n¶v A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv F¶p t]cpÅ Hcp F¸n-kvtIm¸m ChnsS hcn-Ibpw ...........-`n-¶-X-IÄ DWvSm-¡p-¶Xn\v {ian-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ CXp kw_-Ôn¨v kÀ¡m-cnÂ ]e \nth-Z-\-§Ä kaÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw ]c-tZ-in-IÄ¡v Cu CS-h-I-taÂ bmsXmcp A[n-Im-c-hp-an-sÃ¶p hn[n-bp-WvSm-hp-Ibpw B F¸n-kvtIm-¸msb \mSp-I-S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw hntZi sa{Xm-·m-cpsS hchp \ne¨v A¯cw D]-{Z-h-§Ä \o§n. \½psS CS-hI kam-[m-\-¯nepw kwXr-]vXn-bnepw Ign-bp-¶p.
tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn\v ]«w-sIm-Sp¯ tXmgn-bqÀ sa{Xm-¨³ 1829-þÂ \ncym-X-\m-bn. 1829 ao\w 15-þmw XobXn amÀ Iqdn-tem-kns\ tXmgn-bq-cnse sa{Xm-\mbn tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv A`n-tjIw sNbvXp. At±-ls¯ \nb-an-¨p-sImWvSv Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm-¨³ \ÂIn-bn-cp¶ kvXm¯n-t¡m-\nÂ ]cn-ip² amÀt¯m-½m-Ço-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-¯nÂ hmgp¶ ^nen-t¸mkv Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m Øm\hpw A[n-Im-chpw sImSp-¡p¶p F¶mWv ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. At´ymJym ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kp-ambn sa{Xm³Øm-\m-tcm-l-W-¯n\v Btem-N\ \S-¯-W-sas¶m¶papÅ Hcp Nn´tb ae-¦-c-bnÂ A¡m-e¯v DWvSm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Fhn-sS-sb¦nepw Hä-s¸« Nne ]cm-aÀi-§Ä Nne tI{µ-§-fnÂ\n¶v A¡m-cy-¯n-ep-WvSm-bn-«p-sWvS-¦nepw AsXms¡ Ah-K-Wn-¨mWv tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv apt¼m«pt]m-b-Xv. hfsc kzX-{´-ambpw kzmX-{´y-t_m-[-t¯mSpw Imcy-§Ä apt¼m«v sImWvSp-s]m-bvs¡m-WvSn-cp¶ tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZm-kn-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v X{´-]qÀÆw \ne-]mSv amäp-¶-XmWv ImWp-hm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv.
Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ cWvSm-as¯ \ne-]mSv
\ho-I-cW Bi-b-§fpw anj-Wdn {]hÀ¯-\hpw tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn\v XmÂ]-cy-ap-WvSm-bn-cp¶ Imcy-aÃ F¶p am{X-aÃ At±lw AXn\v FXncpw Bbn-cp-¶p. ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn Øm]-I³ ]pen-t¡m-«nÂ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv anj-W-dn-am-cp-ambn \Ã _Ô-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cpsS H«-\-h[n B\p-Iq-ey-§fpw At±lw ssI¸-än-bn-cp-¶p. ]p¶{X Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ Ime¯p kn.-Fw.-F-kv. anj-W-dn-amÀ¡v ae-¦-c-k-`-bnÂ ]qÀ® {]hÀ¯\ kzmX-{´y-ap-WvSm-bn-cp-¶p. tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv `c-W-ta-ä-tXmsS anj-W-dn-amcpw ae-¦-c-k-`bpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw De-bm³ XpS-§n. 1832-þ-t\m-S-Sp¯v AXp IqSp-XÂ hj-fm-bn.
F¶mÂ anj-W-dn-amÀ¡v {_n«ojv `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ ]qÀ®-]n-´p-Wbpw kwc-£-Whpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm¨n `c-Wm-[n-]-·m-cpsS ]qÀ® kl-I-c-Whpw DWvSm-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sImWvSv anj-W-dn-am-cp-ambn FXnÀ¯p-\nÂ¡pI {ia-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1835-þÂ IÂ¡-«m-bnse Bw¥n-¡³ _nj¸v hnÂk¬ tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n. At±lw {_n«ojv Akn-Ìâv dkn-Uânsâ km¶n-[y-¯nÂ sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯m-bp-ambn NÀ¨-IÄ \S-¯n. ae-¦-c-k-`-bnÂ Bcm-[-\-bnepw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnepw hcp-t¯WvS amä-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v _nj¸v Nne \nÀt±-i-§fpw \ÂIn. s]mXpsh \ho-I-c-W-t¯mSv FXnÀ¸pÅ sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯mbv¡v _nj-¸nsâ \nÀt±-i-§Ä H¶pw kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ ]c-ky-ambn AXns\ FXnÀ¡p-hm-\pÅ ss[cy-hp-an-Ã. Cu kml-N-cy-¯nÂ Hcp-tbmKw IqSn hnjbw NÀ¨ sNbvXv hnhcw Adn-bn-¡m-sa¶v sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m k½-Xn-¨p. AX-\p-k-cn¨v 1836 P\p-hcn 16\v amth-en-¡-c-bnÂ Hcp ]Ån-{]-Xn-]p-cp-j-tbmKw sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m hnfn-¨p-Iq-«n. amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZmkv F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ B tbmK-¯nsâ Xocp-am-\-amWv amth-en-¡c ]Sn-tbm-e.
tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn-sâbpw tXmgn-bqÀ Iqdn-tem-kn-sâbpw A²y-£-X-bnÂ tNÀ¶ amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZmkv ae-¦c At´ym-Jy³ _Ôs¯¡pdn¨v AXp-h-sc-bp-WvSm-bn-cp¶ \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ¡v IS-I-hn-cp-²-amb \ne-]m-SmWv kzoI-cn-¨Xv.
amth-en-¡c ]Sn-tbm-e-bnÂ \mep Imcy-§-fmWv {][m-\-ambpw ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
H¶v ae-¦-c-k` At´ym-Jy³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ hmgvN-bn³Io-gn-ep-Å-Xm-Wv.
cWvSv Chn-Sps¯ Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-§fpw N«-§fpw ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ IÂ]\ A\p-k-cn-¨p-Å-Xm-Wv. ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ A\p-hm-Z-an-ÃmsX AXnÂ Hcp amähpw hcp-¯p-hm³ km[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã.
aq¶v Chn-Sps¯ ]Ån-IÄ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ IÂ]-\-bmÂ Ahn-sS-\n¶p h¶n-«pÅ taÂ]-«-¡m-cpsS klm-b-¯mepw P\-§-fpsS DÕm-l-¯mepw ]Wn-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv.
\mev CS-h-I-I-fpsS BWvSp-tXm-dp-apÅ hc-hp-sN-ehp IW-¡p-IÄ ae-¦-c-k-`-bnse taÂ]-«-¡msc AÃmsX thsd Bsc-bpw t_m[n-¸n-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã.
At´ymJym ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n amth-en-¡c ]Sn-tbm-e-bnÂ FSp-¯n«pÅ Xocp-am-\-§Ä H¶pw ap³Ime Ncn-{X-sh-fn-¨-¯nÂ Hcn-¡epw \oXo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Cu aoänw-Kn-t\-¡p-dn¨pw Xocp-am-\-§-tf-¡p-dn¨pw ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv XoÀ¯pw AÚ-\m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-XmWv CXn-tesd hnNn-{X-amb asämcp hkvXp-X. ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ Adn-thm-tSm, k½-X-t¯m-tSm, BioÀhm-Z-t¯mtSm ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv Bh-iy-s¸-«nt«m H¶p-aÃ Cu tbmKw IqSn-b-Xv. ioa-¡mc³ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kns\ \mSp-I-S-¯nb tijw amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZm-kp-h-sc-bpw, AXn\p tijw 4þ5 hÀjw hscbpw ae-¦-c-k-`bv¡v ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kp-ambn t\cn«v bmsXmcp kwkÀ¤hpw DWvSm-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn tcJ-I-fn-Ã. XÂ¡m-e-t¯¡v \n¶p-]n-g-bv¡p-hm³thWvSn ae-¦-c-k`bpw AXnsâ A²y-£-\m-bn-cp¶ tN¸mSv Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkpw hfsc hnZ-Kv²-ambn Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp kzoI-cn¨ Hcp X{´-amtb amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZmkv Xocp-am-\-§sf ImWp-hm³ km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åp. ]s£ B X{´w ae-¦-c-k-`bv¡v ]nÂ¡m-e¯v Gähpw henb hn\-bm-bn-XoÀ¶p F¶Xv Ncn-{X-¯nse thsdmcp ]c-amÀ°w. ae-¦-c-k-`sb Imem-Im-e-§-fnÂ \bn¨ amÀt¯m½m sa{Xm-·m-tcm, Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm-·m-tcm, ae-¦-c-k-`sb Hcp coXn-bnepw ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ ap¼nÂ ASn-bd sh¨n-«n-Ã. k½À±-§sf AXn-Po-hn¨v AhÀ \ne-sIm-WvSp. B \ne-]mSv Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p tN¸mSv Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn-sâbpw F¶v At±-l-¯nsâ ap³Ime sNbvXn-IÄ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p-WvSv.
At´ymJym ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ A[n-Im-cs¯ Ah-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ {]Xn-\n-[nsb ià-ambn FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw At±-ls¯ \mSp-I-S-¯p-Ibpw At±-ls¯ kzoI-cn¨ ae-¦-c-bnse {]K-Û-cmb sshZn-Isc Pbn-en-e-S-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvX tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv kn.-Fw.-F-kp-Imsc ae-¦-c-k-`-bnÂ\n¶p ]pd-¯m-¡p-hm³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ A`-bw-sNm-Ãn-b-Xv.
Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ aq¶m-as¯ \ne-]mSv
amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZm-tkmsS kn.-Fw.-F-kv. anj-W-dn-am-cp-am-bpÅ ae-¦-c-k-`-bpsS _Ôw thÀs]-«p.
F¶mÂ \ho-I-cW Bi-b-apÅ ]me-¡p-¶¯v G{_lmw aev]m-s\-t¸m-se-bp-Å-hÀ ae-¦-c-k-`-bnÂXs¶ \ne-sIm-WvSp. Ah-cpsS t{]c-W-bmÂ amXyqkv A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knÂ\n-¶p ]«-ta-äp-h-¶p.
amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZm-knÂsh¨p ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ A`-bw-sNm-Ãnb tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knÂ\n¶p Øm\-taäv A[n-Im-c-]-{X-hp-am-bn h¶ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kns\ kzoI-cn-¡p-hm³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ Nph-Sp-am-ä-am-Wn-hnsS ImWp-¶-Xv. amXyqkv A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn-s\-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-amb Hcp Iev]\ 1843Â tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨p. AXnÂ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv.
amcma¬ ]Ån-bnÂ ]me-¡p-¶¯v am¯³ si½m-È³, hntZ-i-§-fnÂt]m-bn, Ahn-sS-bpÅ Hcp ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knÂ\n¶pw taÂ]-«-Øm\w {]m]n¨p aS-§n-sb-¯n, ae-bm-f¯p Ct¸m-gpÅ taÂ]-«-Øm\w ]qÀ®-a-sÃ¶pw At¸m-kvtXm-enI ssIsh¸v DÅn-S-¯p-\n¶pw kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Xsâ Øm\w ]qÀ®-am-sW¶pw AXn-\mÂ FÃm-hcpw Øm\-]qÀ®-X-bn-epÅ Bfns\ AwKo-I-cn-t¡-WvS-Xm-sW¶pw {]kw-Kn-¨p-h-cp-¶p-WvS-tÃm. F¶mÂ ae-¦-c-bnse taÂ]-«-Øm\w amÀt¯m-½m-bpsS ssIsh-bv]nÂ\n¶p e`n-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. B taÂ]«-Øm-\-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bnÂ Nne Ipd-hp-IÄ kw`-hn¨p F¶pÅXv hmkvX-h-am-Wv. F¶mÂ At¸m-kvtXm-enI ssIsh-bv¸pÅ Hcp hntZi CS-h-I-bnse taÂ]-«-¡m-c³, Chn-Sps¯ ]«-Xzs¯ Imt\m-\n-I-ambn ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n. AXp-sImWvSv \½psS Øm\w ]qÀ®hpw km[p-hp-am-Wv. F¶mÂ 1000-þ-amWvSv At´ym-Jy-bnÂ\n¶p A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv F¶v t]cpÅ Hcp F¸n-kvtIm¸m ChnsS hcn-Ibpw \½p-tSbpw \½psS ap³Kman Imew sNbvX amÀ ^oe-Ivkn-t\mkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯m-bp-tSbpw ]«Xzw ]qÀ®-a-sÃ¶v {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw `n¶-X-IÄ DWvSm-¡p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ CXp kw_-Ôn¨v kÀ¡m-cnÂ ]e \nth-Z-\-§fpw kaÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw hntZ-in-IÄ¡v Cu CS-hI taÂ bmsXmcp A[n-Im-chpw CsÃ¶v hn[n-¡p-I-bp-ap-WvSm-bn. B F¸n-kvtIm-¸msb \mSp-I-S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw hntZi sa{Xm-·m-cpsS hchp \ne-¨v, A¯cw D]-{Z-h-§Ä \o§n, \½psS CS-hI kam-[m-\-¯nepw kwXr-]vXn-bnepw Ign-bp-¶p. C§s\ ]d-ªn«v At±lw ]d-bp-¶Xv A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn\v Øm\w \ÂIn-bmÂ AXv hntZi sa{Xm-·m-cpsS kµÀi-\-¯n\v hgn-sX-fn-¡p-sa¶pw X·qew ae-¦c CS-h-I-bpsS kzmX-{´ys¯ \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-amb {]iv\-§sf DÛ-hn-¸n-¡p-sa¶pw \mw kwi-bn-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv.
]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kn-t\mSpw hntZ-i-]-«-Xz-t¯mSpw A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn-t\m-Sp-apÅ tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ hyà-amb FXnÀ¸mWv Cu Iev]-\-bn-ep-Å-Xv. CXm-bn-cp¶p amXyqkv A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn-t\m-SpÅ tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ BZy-\n-e-]m-sS-¦nepw ]n¶oSv AXn-\p-dn¨v amä-ap-WvSm-Ip-¶p.
Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ \mem-as¯ \ne-]mSv
tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ \mem-as¯ \ne-]m-Sn\v cWvSp L«-§-fp-WvSv. H¶m-as¯ L«-¯nÂ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ Xs¶ Iq«p-]n-Sn¨v A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kns\ ]pd-¯m-¡p-hm³ tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv {ian-¨p. AXnÂ hnP-bn-¡p-hm³ At±-l-¯n\v Ign-ªn-Ã. ]nÂ¡m-e¯v At±-l-¯nsâ A\p-bm-bn-IÄ (a-e-¦-c-k-`-bnse {]_e hn`m-Kw) ]pen-t¡m-«nÂ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ DbÀs¯-gp-t¶äv B {ia-¯nÂ hnP-bn-¨p.
A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kns\ ]pd-¯m-¡p-hm-\pÅ {ia-¯nÂ ]cm-P-b-a-Sª tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv cWvSmw-L-«-¯nÂ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn-t\mSv ASn-b-dhp ]d-ªp. A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv ae-¦c sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m Bbn. At±-l-¯nÂ\n¶p A´y-Iq-Zm-i-IÄ kzoI-cn¨p tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv 1855-þÂ A´y-bm-{X-bm-bn. H¶mw-L-«-¯nÂ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn-s\-Xnsc 1846-þÂ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv {_n«ojv dkn-Uânsâ k¶n-[n-bnÂ ]cm-Xn-\ÂIn.
B ]cm-Xn-bnÂ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv hfsc {it²-b-am-Wv. ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kns\ \nc-kn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkns\ BW-XnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. At±lw {_n«ojv dkn-Uân-s\-gpXn
]me-¡p-¶¯v A{_lmw aev]m\pw A\-´n-c-h³ a¯mbn si½mipw k`-bpsS BNm-c-a-cym-Z-Ifpw ]Ån-{I-a-§fpw aäpw Dt]-£n¨v ]pXp-Xmbn Nne-Xp-WvSm-¡n. Ahsc k`-bnÂ\n¶v ]pd-´-Åp-Ibpw ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ Adn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kpdn-bm\n k`-bnÂ\n-¶p-ÅXv F¶p ]d-bp¶ Hcp IÅ-tc-J-bp-ambn a¯m-bn si½mip ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ kao-]n¨p IÅ-¡-Y-IÄ ]dªp sa{Xm³Øm\w hm§n Chn-sS-h¶p Ipg-¸-§Ä DWvSm-¡p¶ hnhcw A§sb [cn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-W-tÃm.
CXn-\p-ap¼v Xs¶ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ t]cnÂ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn-s\-Xnsc Hcp I¯-b-¨n-cp-¶p. Xm³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ FXnÀ¡p¶p F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv If-hm-sW¶pw ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ hnt[-b-\mWv F¶pw, amÀ amXyqkv A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv s{]m«-Ìâv NmbvhpÅ BfmWv F¶pw ImWn¨v amÀ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kn\v FgpXn
CXm-bn-cp¶p ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv B{K-ln¨ ØnXn-hn-ti-jw. ae-¦-c-k-`-bnÂ `n¶n-¨p-\n¶ Ccp-hn-`m-K-§fpw Hcp-t]mse ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ A`-bw-sNm-Ãp-¶p. Htc-c-à-¯nÂ ]nd¶ ktlm-Z-c-§-fmb ae-¦-c-k-`m-a-¡Ä ]c-kv]cw `n¶n-¨p-\n¶v t]mcm-Sp-¶Xv hntZi CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ¡v If-sam-cp-¡p¶p Ft¶ ]d-bp-hm³ km[n-¡q.
ae-¦-c-bnÂ B[n-]Xyw Dd-¸n-¡p-hm³ X¡w-]mÀ¯n-cp¶ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv At±-l-¯nsâ sk{I-«dn amÀ Iqdn-tem-kn\v hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c-§Ä sImSp¯v ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kn-\p-thWvSn CjvSm-\p-k-cWw XoÀ¸p-IÄ Iev]n¨v tcJ-bp-WvSm-¡p-¶-Xn\p shÅ-¡-S-em-knÂ H¸n«v Ah-bp-ambn 1846-þÂ ae-¦-c-bn-te¡v Ab-¨p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tÌäv am\p-h-enÂ XpSÀ¶p-WvSmb Imcy-§Ä hni-Z-ambn ]d-bp-¶Xv D²-cn-¡mw. ............ ssIhiw DWvSm-bn-cp¶ shÅ-¡-S-em-knÂ Xs¶-Xs¶ ae-¦c sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m Bbn \nb-an-¡p¶ tcJ (a-e-¦-c-bn-se-¯nb) Iqdn-temkv Fgp-Xn-bp-WvSm-¡n. tN¸m«v amÀ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv Cu X{´-¯nÂ kl-I-cn¨v At±-l-¯nsâ sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯m Øm\w amÀ Iqdn-tem-kn\v Hgn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw hnhcw dkn-Uâns\ Adn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. amÀ amXyqkv A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn-sâtbm amÀ Iqdn-tem-kn-sâtbm BcpsS A[n-Im-c-]-{X-amWv AIr-{Xnaw Bbn-«p-Å-sX¶v dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿p-hm³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Kh¬saâv Hcp I½n-änsb \nb-an-¨p. amÀ Iqdn-tem-knsâ tcJ If-hm-sW¶pw AXnsâ \nÀ½m-W-¯nÂ amÀ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkpw `mK-`m-¡m-bn-cp¶p F¶pw amÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-knsâ A[n-Im-c-]{Xw icn-bm-bn-«p-Å-Xm-sW¶pw I½n-än dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvXp. Cu dnt¸mÀ«nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ amÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kns\ A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¨p. amÀ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-kn-s\-¸än ]ns¶ Adn-shm-¶p-an-Ã. At±lw Aev]-{]-Xn-jvT-\mbn 1855-þÂ Ncaw ASªp F¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kv AXn-{I-a-§Ä ImWn-¡p¶ hnhcw ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ Adn-bn-s¨¶p {_n«ojv dkn-Uânsâ t]À¡v Hc-t]£ kaÀ¸n-¨p. 1846-þÂ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv FgpXnb B At]-£-bnÂ ]d-bp¶p A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-knsâ sXämb sNbvXn-IÄ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ Fgp-Xn-b-dn-bn-¨-t¸mÄ, kpdn-bm-\n-¡m-cpsS ]qÀÆn-I-coXn A\p-k-cn¨v Cu CS-hI `cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thWvS kvXm¯n-t¡m\pw sImSp¯v Xpdw-_vZo³ sa{Xm³ amÀ tbmbm¡ow Iqdn-tem-kns\ Ab-¨p. Cu amkw 26-þmw XobXn h¶p-tNÀ¶ amÀ Iqdn-tem-kn\v ae-bm-f-¯pÅ ]Ån-IÄ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ kvXm¯n-t¡m³ {]Imcw `cWw \S-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn Rmt\Â¸n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. tIm«-bs¯ skan-\m-cn-bpsS `c-Whpw At±-ls¯ GÂ]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ, ]Ån-Itfm skan-\m-cntbm kw_-Ôn-¨pÅ FÃm Fgp-¯p-Ip-¯p-Ifpw amÀ tbmbm¡ow Iqdn-tem-kp-ambn \S-¯-W-sa¶v A`yÀ°n-¡p-¶p. 1846 Nn§w 30 sIm¨n-]-Ån-bnÂ\n-¶v.
tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv Øm\w Hgn-ªXv Iqdn-tem-kn\v Øm\w-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm³th-WvSn-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ Iqdn-tem-kn\v Øm\w In«n-bn-Ã, tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ Øm\w t]mhp-Ibpw A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn\v Øm\w In«p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kzbw-Ir-Xm-\À°w. cmP-Io-b-hn-fw-_cw In«n cmP-Xp-ey-\mbn hmW tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ ]X\w; ae-¦-c-k-`-bp-tS-Xpw.
A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn\v cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw In«n `c-W-ta-sä-Sp-¡p-hm³ thWvS kml-N-cy-§-sfÃmw Hcp-¡n-sIm-Sp-¯Xv tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv Xs¶-bm-Wv F¶-Xn\v bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-anÃ. amXyqkv A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kn-sâbpw At´ymJym ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kn-sâbpw ap¼nÂ Hcp-t]mse Iog-S-t§WvS AhØ At±-l-¯n-\p-WvSm-bn.
D]-kw-lmcw
tN¸m«v Zoh-¶m-kn-tbm-knsâ Ah-k-tcm-Nn-Xtam Ah-k-c-hm-Z-]-ctam Bb Nph-Sp-am-ä-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Ck-Uv.-Fw.-]m-td«v tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv D²-cn-¨p-sImWvSv Cu A²ymbw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡mw.
1825-þÂ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡m {]Xn-\n[n F¶pÅ Uwt`m-Sp-IqsS h¶v Nph¶ sa{Xmsâ Ip¸mbw hen-¨p-Io-dp-sa¶v KÀÖn¨ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-kns\ \mSp-I-S-¯m³ Zoh-¶m-kn-tbmkv thWvSXv sNbvXp. 1829-þÂ BªqÀ Iqdn-tem-kn\v Øm\w sImSp-¯-t¸mÄ Fgp-Xnb kvXm¯n-t¡m-\nÂ ae-¦c kzX-{´-bm-sW¶p {]Jym-]\w sNbvXp. 1836-þÂ amth-en-¡c kp¶-l-tZmkv Imt\m\m hgn At±lw B \ne Dt]-£n¨v ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-knsâ hnt[-bXzw kzoI-cn-¨p. 1849-þÂ sIm«m-c-¡c ]Ån¡v amth-en-¡c \nÝ-b-¯n\v t\Àhn-]-co-X-amb Xc-¯nÂ ]c-tZ-in-Isf XÅn-¸-dªv Iev]\ Fgp-Xn. 1846 Nn§amb-t¸mÄ B \ne ]mtS Dt]-£n¨v ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o-kns\ kÀÆm-[n-]-Xn-bmbn kzoI-cn¨v dkn-Uân\v Is¯-gp-Xn. C§s\ Ah-k-cw-t]mse a\w-am-äp-Itbm aXw-am-äp-Itbm sNbvXv XmWpw s]m§n-bpw, s]m§nbpw XmWpw \S-¯n-s¡m-WvSn-cp¶ \Xyp-¶-hn-{IoU hnh-c-§Ä hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ R§Ä Xe-Ip-\n-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶p. \S-]-Sn-IÄ AÛp-X-I-c-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Ft¶m k´m-]-I-c-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Ft¶m F´mWv hn[n-t¡-WvS-sX¶v \nÝ-b-an-Ã.